New AI method analyzes Swiss fleet consumption

In recent decades, there have been major technical changes in new cars. These are particularly relevant in terms of dimensions - cars are getting bigger and heavier - and the larger share of SUVs in the individual vehicle segments. Classification into classic segments such as small, mid-size, upper mid-size and luxury is hardly possible anymore. Together with smaller engine displacements and better engine efficiencies, this makes it increasingly difficult to categorize vehicles and therefore to calculate fleet consumption and emission levels - even for legislators.

Empa researchers have now been able to divide vehicles into uniform segments based on similarity characteristics thanks to mathematical approaches and with deep learning techniques - an important breakthrough! The main goal of the project is to create a prerequisite for determining the future real CO₂ emissions of road traffic on the basis of a purely mathematical approach. In particular, increasing electrification will soon make it very difficult to distinguish between energy consumption in road transport and stationary energy use. "The method developed at Empa makes it possible to evaluate CO₂ emissions separately and to perform accurate automatic vehicle classification by analyzing large databases. This facilitates the analysis of fleet changes in a country - or in a large company," explains Nagmeh Niroomand, who developed the method.

The new method eliminates subjective and expert-based factors, reducing classification errors and making databases from around the world comparable. For Switzerland, Naghmeh Niroomand, Christian Bach and Miriam Elser were thus able to calculate average CO₂ emissions of newly registered passenger cars that deviated by only 1.1 percent from the official estimate of the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE).

Based on the data examined, the Empa experts also found that in rural areas, where around one third of the Swiss population lives, the private car remains the most common mode of transport due to the lack of attractive transport alternatives. Furthermore, despite the high acceptance of public transportation in Switzerland (59 percent), two-thirds of total passenger kilometers are still traveled by car.

"Our results show that the average CO₂ emissions of the different vehicle classes vary greatly," Niroomand notes. While more smaller vehicles would likely reduce CO₂ emissions, the researcher says it would be more important to reduce the share of SUVs or to also buy lower-powered vehicles in the same vehicle class. This would more effectively decarbonize the car fleet.