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The tried and tested vs. the new and innovative: a monolithic catalyst (left) and a Foamcat (right).
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This honeycomb catalyst from a racing car was the trigger which gave the Empa researchers the idea of developing the Foamcat. A small area of the monolith has melted, but neighbouring areas are almost unused, indicating that the exhaust gas flow is poorly distributed through the device. |
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Efficiency originating at Empa
Empa researchers from the Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, under the leadership of Panayotis Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler, have succeeded in finding an innovative solution to this problem. The team is working on a catalytic substrate made of ceramic foam which, in future, will replace the conventional monolithic structure. For the same catalytic performance the novel device is significantly cheaper than the monolith-based unit. |
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| In contrast to the latter, the ceramic foam has in an irregular structure – much like a sponge – which causes the gas passing through it to flow in a turbulent manner, distributed equally throughout the whole of its volume. Although the foam catalyst actually has less surface area than the monolith, this area is much more efficiently utilized. As a result, to achieve the same effect as a conventional catalytic unit, the ceramic type requires only one third as much expensive noble metal – and only half the physical length. |
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| Despite the fragility of the ceramic foam, with the help of colleagues from Empa’s High-Performance Ceramics Laboratory the scientists succeeded in increasing the mechanical strength of the material many times over. Currently the research team is working to optimize the structure of the ceramic – the foam substrate has a greater air resistance than the monolith, which results in a slight comparative increase in fuel consumption. Using sophisticated computer simulation techniques, the Empa team has developed foam structures which reduce the air resistance without affecting the necessary turbulence. |
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The irregular structure of the ceramic foam substrate causes the exhaust gas to flow in a turbulent manner, improving flow distribution and therefore reducing the quantity of noble metals required for catalysis. |
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| Although at the moment the foam catalyst is being manufactured purely on the laboratory scale at Empa, industrial contacts are already showing interest in the new device. The Belgian material technologies company Umicore is a partner in the project, as is Fiat Powertrain Technologies. The foam catalyst is being proven in a diesel test vehicle on the Empa site. In addition, over the last 18 months a vehicle fitted with the innovative new catalyst belonging to the Industriellen Werke Basel (IWB) has been driven around in a long-term test eventually intended to cover at least 150,000 km. |
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Cheaper catalysts despite more stringent exhaust gas standards
The Foamcat represents the ideal alternative to the monolithic catalyst, above all for small diesel vehicles. After the Euro 6 exhaust-gas standard comes into force in September 2014, polluting emissions from diesel motors will be obliged to sink significantly. In particular, after this date a nitrogen monoxide catalyst will be compulsory. In combination with a particle filter and the conventional hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide catalyst, this will make exhaust gas treatment for diesel automobiles significantly more expensive. With its greatly reduced requirement of expensive noble metals, Empa’s Foamcat will help to minimize these costs. |
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